您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律法规 »

SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-22 17:07:46  浏览:8906   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载

SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 395)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  pplication
  Connected with a corporation"
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  Dealing in securities"
  Take-over offer"
  Relevant information"
  II    INSIDER DEALING
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Certain persons not to be held insider dealers
  Trustees and personal representatives
  Exercise of right to subscribe for or acquire securities
  Duty of officers of corporation
  Insider dealing not void or voidable
  III   INSIDER DEALING TRIBUNAL
  Constitution of Tribunal Inquiries by Tribunal
  Inquiries into insider dealing
  Powers of Tribunal
  Further powers of Tribunal to obtain information
  Incriminating answers
  Offences
  Privileged information Report and orders of Tribunal
  Report of Tribunal following inquiry
  Orders etc. of Tribunal
  Order against officer of corporation
  Limitation on aggregate amount of penalties
  Witnesses' expenses
  Expenses of investigation and inquiry
  Form and proof of order of Tribunal
  Order of Tribunal may be registered in Court
  Offence
  IV    APPEALS
  Appeal to Court of Appeal
  Powers of the Court of Appeal on appeal
  Stay of execution on appeal
  V    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by corporation, etc.
  Limitation on commencement of proceedings
  Chief Justice may make rules
  44. (Omitted)
 Whole document:
  
  dule.
  rdinance to amend the law relating to insider dealing in 
securities;
  for connected purposes.
  eptember 1991] L. N. 269 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Insider Dealing)
Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ociate", in relation to a person entitled to exercise or control 
the
  cise of voting power in relation to a corporation, means--
  that person's spouse, reputed spouse, person co-habiting 
with that
  on as a spouse, that person's brother, sister, parent, 
step-parent,
  d (natural or adopted) or step-child;
  any corporation of which that person is a director;
  any person who is an employee or partner of that person;
  if that person is a corporation--
  any director of that corporation;
  any related corporation of that corporation; and
  ) any director or employee of any such related corporation; and
  if that person has with any other person an agreement or 
arrangement
  respect to the acquisition, holding or disposal of shares or 
other
  rests in that corporation or under which they undertake 
to act
  ther in exercising their voting power in relation to it, that 
other
  on;
  k or other document" includes--
  books of a banker;
  cheques, orders for the payment of money, bills of 
exchange, and
  issory notes in the possession or under the control of a banker;
  securities in the possession or under the control of a banker,
whether
  ay of pledge or otherwise;
  any document or record used in the ordinary course of business 
of a
  ;
  any record so used which is kept otherwise than in a legible form 
and
  apable of being reproduced in a legible form; and
  any accounts or deeds;
  mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established by
  Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap. 24);
  pany" means a company as defined in section 2 (1) of the 
Companies
  nance (Cap. 32);
  troller", in relation to a corporation, means any person--
  in accordance with whose directions or instructions the 
directors of
  corporation or of another corporation of which it is a subsidiary 
are
  stomed to act; or
  who, either alone or with any associate, is entitled to exercise, 
or
  rol the exercise of, more than 33% of the voting power at 
general
  ings of the corporation or of another corporation of which it 
is a
  idiary, and references in this Ordinance to "control" 
shall be
  trued accordingly; "corporation" means any company or 
other body
  orate or an unincorporated body, incorporated or formed either
in Hong
  or elsewhere;
  
  ector" includes--
  any person occupying the position of director, by 
whatever name
  ed; and
  any person in accordance with whose directions or 
instructions the
  ctors of the corporation are accustomed to act;
  ument" includes any register, book, record, tape recording, any 
form
  omputer input or output, and any other document or similar
material
  ther produced mechanically, electrically, or manually, or by any
other
  s whatsoever);
  h Court" means the High Court of Justice;
  ding company" means a corporation which is a holding company 
within
  meaning of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  uiry" means an inquiry instituted under section 16;
  ider dealer" means a person who perpetrates any act which 
is an
  der dealing within the meaning of section 9 and also means a 
person
  is to be regarded as an insider dealer under section 16 (6);
  ider dealing" means an insider dealing within the meaning of 
section
  
  ted securities" means securities that are listed on the 
Unified
  ange at the time of any insider dealing in relation 
to those
  rities;
  icer" in relation to a corporation includes a director, 
manager or
  etary, and in relation to an unincorporated body includes every
member
  he governing body thereof; "related corporation", in relation 
to a
  oration, means--
  any corporation that is that corporation's subsidiary or 
holding
  any or a subsidiary of that corporation's holding company;
  any corporation a controller of which is also a controller of 
that
  oration; "relevant share capital" means a corporation's issued 
share
  tal of a class carrying rights to vote at general meetings 
of the
  oration;
  urities" means any shares, stocks, debentures, loan stocks, 
funds,
  s, or notes of, or issued by, any body, whether 
incorporated or
  corporated, or of any government or local government authority, 
and
  udes--
  rights, options, or interests (whether described as 
units  or
  rwise) in or in respect of any of the foregoing;
  certificates of interest or participation in, or temporary or 
interim
  ificates for, receipts for, or warrants to subscribe to or 
purchase,
  of the foregoing; or
  any instruments commonly known as securities;
  sidiary" means any corporation which is a subsidiary 
within the
  ing of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  bunal" has the meaning given to it in section 15;
  fied Exchange" means the stock market established under section
27 of
  Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  For the purpose of the definition of "controller", where a 
person is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of 33% or more of the 
voting
  r at general meetings of a corporation and that 
corporation is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of any of the voting power
at
  ral meetings of another corporation ("the effective voting 
power")
  the effective voting power at general meetings of 
that other
  oration is taken as exercisable by that person.
  
  A person shall not be deemed to be a person in accordance with 
whose
  ctions or instructions the directors of a corporation are 
accustomed
  ct by reason only that the directors of the corporation act on 
advice
  n by him in a professional capacity.
  In this Ordinance securities are deemed to be listed on the 
Unified
  ange notwithstanding that dealings in such securities 
have been
  ended.
  In this Ordinance a reference to an interest in securities is 
to be
  as including an interest of any kind whatsoever in the 
securities;
  accordingly there are to be disregarded any restraints or
restrictions
  hich the exercise of any right attached to the interest 
may be
  ect.
  pplication
  Ordinance shall not have effect with respect to an insider dealing
in
  tion to the listed securities of a corporation which has taken 
place
  re the commencement of this Ordinance.
  Connected with a corporation"
  A person is connected with a corporation for the purposes of
section 9
  being an individual--
  he is a director or employee of that corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he is a substantial shareholder in the corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he occupies a position which may reasonably be expected to give 
him
  ss to relevant information concerning the corporation by virtue
of--
  any professional or business relationship existing between
himself (or
  employer or a corporation of which he is a director or a firm of
which
  s a partner) and that corporation, a related corporation or an
officer
  ubstantial shareholder in either of such corporations; or
  his being a director, employee or partner of a 
substantial
  eholder in the corporation or a related corporation; or
  he has access to relevant information in relation to the 
corporation
  irtue of his being connected (within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b)
  c)) with another corporation, being information which relates 
to any
  saction (actual or contemplated) involving both those
corporations or
  lving one of them and the listed securities of the other or to 
the
  that such transaction is no longer contemplated; or
  he was at any time within the 6 months preceding any 
dealing in
  tion to listed securities within the meaning of section 9 a 
person
  ected with the corporation within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b),
  or (d).
  A corporation is a person connected with a corporation 
for the
  oses of section 9 so long as any of its directors or employees 
is a
  on connected with that other corporation within the 
meaning of
  ection (1).
  In subsection (1), "substantial shareholder" in 
relation to a
  oration means a person who has an interest in the relevant 
share
  tal of that corporation which has a nominal value equal to or 
more
  10% of the nominal value of the relevant share capital of 
that
  oration.
  
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  A public officer or a member or employee (whether such 
member or
  oyee is temporary or permanent, paid or unpaid) of any body 
referred
  n subsection (2), who in his capacity as such receives 
relevant
  rmation concerning a corporation shall be deemed to be a 
person
  ected with that corporation for the purposes of section 9.
  The bodies referred to in subsection (1) are--
  the Executive Council;
  the Legislative Council;
  the Futures Exchange Company, Stock Exchange Company or any 
clearing
  e;
  any board, commission, committee or other body appointed by 
or on
  lf of the Governor or the Governor in Council under any Ordinance;
  any body corporate established or incorporated by Ordinance; and
  any body corporate specified by the Financial Secretary by 
notice
  ished in the Gazette.
  In this section--
  aring house" means a clearing house within the meaning of section
2
  of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250) or authorized 
under
  other Ordinance to carry on business as a clearing house in
respect of
  rities;
  ures Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the 
meaning
  ection 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ck Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the
meaning of
  ion 2 (1) of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  In the case of a body referred to in subsection (2) which 
has no
  ers the reference in subsection (1) to a member shall be construed 
as
  ference to a member of the governing body thereof.
  Dealing in securities"
  the purposes of this Ordinance, a person deals in securities if
  ther as principal or agent) he buys, sells, exchanges or 
subscribes
  or agrees to buy, sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities 
or
  ires or disposes of, or agrees to acquire or dispose of, the right 
to
  sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities.
  Take-over offer"
  his Ordinance, "take-over offer for a corporation" means an offer
made
  ll the holders (or all the holders other than the person making 
the
  r and his nominees) of the shares in the corporation to acquire 
those
  es or a specified proportion of them, or to all the holders (or 
all
  holders other than the person making the offer and his nominees)
of a
  icular class of those shares to acquire the shares of that class
or a
  ified proportion of them.
  Relevant information"
  his Ordinance "relevant information" in relation to a 
corporation
  s specific information about that corporation which is not 
generally
  n to those persons who are accustomed or would be likely to deal 
in
  listed securities of that corporation but which would if 
it were
  rally known to them be likely materially to affect the price of 
those
  rities.
 PART II INSIDER DEALING
  
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Insider dealing in relation to the listed securities of a 
corporation
  s place--
  when a person connected with a corporation who is in 
possession of
  rmation which he knows is relevant information in relation to 
that
  oration deals in any listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in such listed securities knowing or 
having
  onable cause to believe that such person would deal in them;
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, deals in the listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in those listed securities, otherwise than for 
the
  ose of such take-over;
  when relevant information in relation to a corporation is 
disclosed
  ctly or indirectly, by a person connected with that 
corporation, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows that the 
information
  elevant information in relation to the corporation and knows 
or has
  onable cause for believing that the other person will make use
of the
  rmation for the purpose of dealing, or counselling or 
procuring
  her to deal, in the listed securities of that corporation (or in 
the
  ed securities of a related corporation);
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, discloses that information, directly or 
indirectly, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows or has 
reasonable
  e for believing that the other person will make use of the
information
  the purpose in dealing, or in counselling or procuring 
another to
  , in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation);
  when a person who has information which he knows is 
relevant
  rmation in relation to a corporation which he received 
(directly or
  rectly) from a person--
  whom he knows is connected with that corporation; and
  whom he knows or has reasonable cause to believe 
held that
  rmation by virtue of being so connected,
  s in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation) or counsels or procures 
another
  on to deal in those listed securities;
  when a person who has received (directly or indirectly) from a 
person
  he knows or has reasonable cause to believe is contemplating or
is no
  er contemplating a take-over offer for a corporation, 
information to
  effect and knows that such information is relevant 
information in
  tion to that corporation, deals in the listed securities 
of that
  oration (or in the listed securities of a related 
corporation) or
  sels or procures another person to deal in those listed
securities.
  
  An insider dealing in relation to the listed 
securities of a
  oration also takes place when a person who is knowingly in 
possession
  elevant information in relation to that corporation in any 
of the
  umstances described in subsection (1) --
  counsels or procures any other person to deal in the listed
securities
  hat corporation (or in the listed securities of a related
corporation)
  he knowledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that 
person
  d deal in those listed securities outside Hong Kong on any 
stock
  ange other than the Unified Exchange; or
  discloses that relevant information to any other person 
in the
  ledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that or some 
other
  on will make use of that information for the purpose of dealing,
or of
  selling or procuring any other person to deal, in 
the listed
  rities of that corporation (or in the listed securities of a 
related
  oration) outside Hong Kong on any stock exchange other 
than the
  ied Exchange.

不分页显示   总共3页  1 [2] [3]

  下一页

下载地址: 点击此处下载

湖州市人民政府办公室关于印发湖州市处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件暂行办法的通知

浙江省湖州市人民政府办公室


湖州市人民政府办公室关于印发湖州市处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件暂行办法的通知

湖政办发〔2009〕79号


各县区人民政府,市府各部门,市直各单位:
《湖州市处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件暂行办法》已经市政府同意,现印发给你们,请结合实际,认真贯彻执行。

二○○九年七月二十七日

湖州市处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件暂行办法

第一章 总 则
第一条 为妥善处理和有效防范境外经贸纠纷和突发事件,促进我市“走出去”事业又好又快发展,根据《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》、《对外承包工程管理条例》、《对外劳务合作经营资格证书管理办法》及其补充规定和其他有关法律、法规的规定,依据《浙江省处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件暂行办法》,结合我市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于处置我市境外经贸纠纷和突发事件。境外经贸纠纷是指我市企业、单位参与的经贸商务活动、境外投资、境外承包工程、劳务合作等所发生的,需要我驻外使(领)馆出面协调解决的问题和事件。境外突发事件是指我市驻外经商机构及人员、湖资机构及人员、对外援助、承包工程、劳务合作人员及其他从事经贸商务活动、商务交流培训等人员的生命财产受到威胁、发生重大伤亡、劳务人员群体性事件以及因战争、灾害等不可抗力造成的紧急事件。
第三条 处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作应当在各级政府的领导下,实行权责明确、分工协作、以人为本、安全第一、加强防范、有效应对的原则。

第二章 工作制度

第四条 根据处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作需要,建立统一指导、协调处置的工作机制,成立由市政府分管领导为组长,市政府办公室、市外经贸局、市外办、市公安局、市工商局、市财政局、市新闻办等单位负责人为成员的市处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作领导小组(以下简称市领导小组),市领导小组办公室设在市外经贸局。
第五条 处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作遵循“属地管理”原则,即由对外签约的当事经营企业(单位)行政主管部门或所在地的县区政府对境外经贸纠纷和突发事件处置工作实行统一领导,由外派劳务人员国内居住地的县区政府配合处理。
第六条 按照“谁签约,谁负责”的原则,即对境外经贸纠纷和突发事件由对外签约的当事经营企业(单位)在县区政府及其有关部门的指导下负责具体处理。
第七条 市外经贸局应根据纠纷或突发事件的性质,及时制定处置方案,报市领导小组同意后,协调市级相关部门及当地县区政府组织实施,及时掌握事件发展动态。
第八条 各县区政府应当加强对本地处置境外纠纷和突发事件工作的领导,建立和完善处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件的工作机制。境外项目多的县区政府要成立相应领导小组。境外经贸纠纷和突发事件发生后,应积极协调所属相关部门及时妥善处理,以保护人员的生命安全和经营企业(单位)的合法权益,避免造成有损我国声誉或引起外交争端的涉外事件。
第九条 各级外经贸主管部门要依法加强对本地区、本部门各项外经贸业务,尤其是对外承包工程和劳务合作的监督管理。要督促外经企业向县区外经贸主管部门报告外派劳务人员详细信息和动态情况。认真做好本地区、本部门境外项目的定期摸底排查工作。对重大境外投资项目、工程承包项目及劳务合作项目要明确责任人,定期跟踪,加强风险控制。
第十条 境外企业、机构及人员应当遵守所在国家或地区的法律,信守合同,尊重当地的风俗习惯,注重社会责任和环境保护,为企业自身安全营造和谐外部环境。

第三章 职责分工

第十一条 市外经贸局负责对全市处置境外纠纷和突发事件工作的指导、协调和信息沟通及领导小组办公室的日常工作,主要职责是:
(一)根据驻外使(领)馆的建议,按照市委、市政府和省商务厅的要求,协调、督促有关部门、相关县区政府及县区外经贸主管部门和涉案企业、单位制定应急方案并组织落实;
(二)根据市委、市政府和省商务厅的要求,会同市外办、市公安局、市工商局等相关部门组成处置工作小组前往事件发生地,在我驻当地使(领)馆的统一指导下,开展一线交涉、协调、救援和处置等工作;
(三)协助做好新闻报道及对外发布事件消息等相关工作;
(四)完成市领导小组交办的其他工作。
第十二条 下列部门要加强对处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作的支持、配合和协助:
(一)财政部门负责处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作的财政支持。市财政局负责保障市级处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作经费,县区财政部门相应负责本级政府部门处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件工作经费,保证处置工作的正常开展。
(二)市外办负责办理处置工作小组的因公出国(境)手续。各县区、各单位按规定向市外办申办出国手续。市外办开通绿色通道,特事特办,指定专人办理出国任务批件和申办护照、签证手续。
(三)工商管理部门负责依法查处未依法办理工商登记,擅自从事对外劳务合作经营活动的行为和发布虚假广告的行为。
(四)公安部门负责对涉嫌劳务欺诈或骗取出入境证件等违法行为的查处工作。
(五)市新闻办负责处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件的新闻报道,拟定对外表态口径,引导国内媒体报道。

第四章 处置程序

第十三条 根据国家有关部委、我驻外外交机构以及省、市领导的指示精神或事件发展态势的需要,由市领导小组办公室启动处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件快速反应机制,研究制定措施,并组织落实。
第十四条 按因公出国(境)管理规定,由市领导小组办公室根据处置工作需要商有关县区政府及相关部门、单位,确定赴国(境)外工作人员名单,并出具出国(境)处置突发事件通知书,由市外办同时下达各相关县区和部门,根据事件的紧急程度,在规定时间内实行同步办理,确保处置工作小组能及时、有效地赴境外开展工作。
第十五条 县区政府或相关部门、单位应在第一时间采取措施,协助当事经营企业(单位)做好人员的思想稳定工作,迅速调查发生纠纷和突发事件的原因,并将有关情况、建议或要求报市领导小组办公室。
第十六条 对一般性的境外经贸纠纷和突发事件,在市外经贸局的协调下,由当事经营企业(单位)行政主管部门或所在地的县区政府负责组织处置,事后将情况报市领导小组。
对重大的境外经贸纠纷和突发事件,由市领导小组具体负责指导、协调市级各相关部门和当事经营企业(单位)所在地的县区政府进行处置。市领导小组及时向我有关驻外使(领)馆反馈处置发展情况。事后将处置情况报省委、省政府、市委、市政府、省商务厅和我驻外相关使(领)馆。
第十七条 需派遣处置工作小组赴境外处置的,应及时主动与我驻外使(领)馆及经商(参)处联系,并在驻外使(领)馆及经商(参)处的指导下开展工作。
第十八条 处置境外经贸纠纷和突发事件结束后,牵头单位应认真做好工作总结,积累经验,汲取教训,提出改进工作的意见和建议。

第五章 保障措施

第十九条 市外经贸局会同市外办等有关部门建立境外经贸合作安全监测、预测风险评估机制,定期发布有关国家和地区安全状况的评估结果,及时提供预警信息。
第二十条 境外企业、机构要根据所在地国家或地区的安全状况,建立健全和完善安全预防、预警制度和应急处置预案,落实安全防范措施,加强对外派人员的安全防范教育和应急知识培训,明确专门人员负责安全防范工作,落实保护外派人员人身和财产安全的所需经费,并将有关安全措施和制度报企业、机构国内所在地市、县区外经贸主管部门备案。
第二十一条 境外企业、机构在境外开展工作后,应及时向中国驻所在国使(领)馆和国内有关主管部门报告,并接受使(领)馆的管理与指导;在遇到纠纷或突发事件后,应及时、妥善处置,并立即向中国驻该国使(领)馆和国内有关主管部门报告。

第六章 附 则

第二十二条 涉及香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的经贸纠纷和突发事件,参照本办法执行。
第二十三条 本办法自发布之日起实施。


摘要:共同遗嘱是指两个或两个以上的遗嘱人共同订立的同一份遗嘱,以此来处分其各自的或共同遗留的财产的一种遗产继承方式。关于共同遗嘱,在各国法上有不同的规定。在我国,长期以来,以遗嘱处分自己身后财产不是我国人民的习惯。但近年来这种情况发生了变化,越来越多的人不再忌讳订立遗嘱,夫妻双方共立遗嘱的情况也在不断增多。我国《继承法》对共同遗嘱没有明文规定,学术界对此又有不同观点,导致在实务中,对共同遗嘱的效力的认定非常不一致。在我国修订民法典之际,从理论上对共同遗嘱进行研究,从社会需求上探讨共同遗嘱的价值,对我国的立法选择有一定的借鉴意义,同时对解决司法实务中的困惑应该也有帮助。

关键词:遗嘱 效力 肯定说 限定

目 录

摘要 1
Abstract. 2
引 言 1
一、共同遗嘱的概述 1
(一)共同遗嘱的概念 1
(二)共同遗嘱的特征 2
二、有关共同遗嘱的立法现状 5
(一)国外共同遗嘱的立法现状 5
(二)我国对共同遗嘱的适用的争论 7
三、我国对共同遗嘱的立法选择 10
(一)共同遗嘱存在的合理性 10
(二)共同遗嘱的必要限定 13
(三)立法建议 15
四、小结 15
参考文献 16
致谢辞 18
附录 19


共同遗嘱探究与我国的立法抉择

引 言
长期以来,以遗嘱处分自己身后财产不是我国人民的习惯。但近年来这种情况发生了变化,越来越多的人不再忌讳订立遗嘱,夫妻双方共立遗嘱的情况也在不断增多。夫妻常将遗嘱共立为:一方死后,所有共同财产归生存方,或者再加上生存方死后要将共同财产归于双方或者一方的子女。但是,我国《继承法》对共同遗嘱没有明文规定,在理论上也较少探究,为数不多的研究文章在基本问题上也没有质的分歧,但是对在我国是否应承认共同遗嘱问题上却针锋相对。
法律上无规定和学术上的争议导致实务中,对共同遗嘱的效力的认定非常不一致。在我国修订民法典之际,从理论上对共同遗嘱进行研究,从社会需求上探讨共同遗嘱的价值,对我国的立法选择有一定的借鉴意义,有利于充分保护个人的所有权,也更有利于稳定社会主义的家庭关系,促进家庭成员间的和睦团结,同时对解决司法实务中的困惑应该也有帮助。

一、共同遗嘱的概述
(一)共同遗嘱的概念
共同遗嘱又称合立遗嘱、共立遗嘱,是指两个或两个以上的遗嘱人共同订立的同一份遗嘱,以此来处分其各自的或共同遗留的财产的一种遗产继承方式。共同遗嘱有形式意义上的共同遗嘱和实质意义上的共同遗嘱之分。
形式意义上的共同遗嘱又称单纯的共同遗嘱,是指将两个或两个以上的内容各自独立的遗嘱,记载于同一份遗嘱中。这种共同遗嘱只是在形式上具有同一性,而在内容上是独立的,其实质上为数份遗嘱,各遗嘱人变更或撤销其遗嘱的意思表示产生独立的法律效果,不影响他人遗嘱的效力。
实质意义上的共同遗嘱是指两个或两个以上的遗嘱人将其共同一致的意思通过一个遗嘱表示出来,形成一个内容共同或相互关联的整体遗嘱。这种共同遗嘱的遗嘱人的意思表示相互依存,互相制约,互为前提。其通常又有四种表现: 一是相互指定对方为自己的遗产继承人,实际上就是后死亡者继承先死亡者的遗产。此时的相互指定,以对方指定自己为遗产继承人为前提。二是共同指定第三人为遗产的继承人或受遗赠人而没有相互指定对方为自己遗产继承人,其遗产为共同财产的情况居多。三是相互指定对方为继承人,同时还规定生存方的继承人或受遗赠人,即后死者的遗产归他们共同指定的第三人。四是相关的遗嘱,即形式上各自独立、实质上相互以对方的遗嘱内容为条件的遗嘱。一方遗嘱撤回或失效,另一方的遗嘱也归于失效;一方遗嘱执行时,他方遗嘱不得撤回。
严格意义上的共同遗嘱应当仅限于实质上的共同遗嘱,而形式上的单纯的共同遗嘱,实质上为不同遗嘱人的独立遗嘱,与共同遗嘱有实质性的区别。
(二)共同遗嘱的特征
与单个遗嘱相比较,共同遗嘱既具有一般遗嘱的法律特征,又有其自身的特殊性。共同遗嘱的法律特征主要表现为:
1.共同遗嘱是两个或两个以上遗嘱人的共同法律行为
共同遗嘱至少有两个主体的意思表示一致,所以不是单方法律行为,而属于双方或多方法律行为。但这种双方或多方法律行为又与一般的双方或多方法律行为不同。它不是双方或多方主体基于各自的目标和利益而形成的相对应的意思表示一致,而是双方或多方主体确定和追求一个相同的目标,形成共同意思表示的一致,亦即“两个以上的有着同一内容、同一目的并行的意思表示的一致”。 在民法理论上,一般将这种法律行为称为共同行为或多方法律行为,其特点在于存在着双方或多方当事人,当事人所追求的目的是共同的,由他们所作出的意思表示所发生的法律效果是共同的。
2.共同遗嘱的成立是基于双方或多方共同的意思表示
共同遗嘱人在订立遗嘱时主观上具有明确的目的性,其设立遗嘱的目的,不仅是为表示自己死亡后对遗产进行处分的意愿,还有对双方或多方死亡后各自或共同财产指定继承人继承的共同意思表示。但无论如何,只能是双方或多方的真实意思表示。
3.共同遗嘱的遗嘱内容相互制约
这一特点具体表现为三层意思:第一,当共同遗嘱是共同指定第三人为遗产继承人或受遗赠人时,其内容构成一个的完整共同体,不可分割。第二,当共同遗嘱属于相互遗嘱和相关联遗嘱时,遗嘱人之一处分遗嘱所涉共同财产或个人财产,应受他方意思表示的制约。如果在订立遗嘱时双方都以对方的遗嘱内容作为条件,一方的遗嘱意思表示发生变更或撤回那就必然会导致,另一方的遗嘱意思表示也不发生效力。 第三,在共同遗嘱人生存期间,可以通过共同意思表示变更共同遗嘱。各遗嘱人也可单方撤销自己的遗嘱,只是一方撤销后对方的遗嘱因失去存在的前提条件也归于无效。若生存方按照共同遗嘱继承先死亡方遗产,即受共同遗嘱的约束,则不得撤销自己的遗嘱、不得以其他遗嘱处分共同遗嘱指定的财产(包括自己的财产、继承先死亡方的遗产),除非拒绝依共同遗嘱继承。尤其在相关联的遗嘱中,一方的共同遗嘱内容已经执行的,另一方的遗嘱也需执行,而不得撤销遗嘱。
4.共同遗嘱的生效时间与一般遗嘱不同
一般遗嘱是由遗嘱人单方作出,于遗嘱人死亡时发生效力。而共同遗嘱是两个或两个以上的人订立,共同遗嘱人一般不能同时死亡,因此遗嘱生效时间不能与一般遗嘱一样认定。从总体上来说,共同遗嘱人之一死亡,共同遗嘱不发生效力,或者部分发生效力,只有当共同遗嘱人全部死亡时,遗嘱才能全部生效。 或者说,“在共同遗嘱人中的一人死亡时,遗嘱中涉及该遗嘱人遗产的内容也就应发生效力,而涉及未死亡的遗嘱人的遗嘱内容则不能发生效力。只有在共同遗嘱人全部死亡的情况下,共同遗嘱才能全部生效。因此,对共同遗嘱效力的认定,应当以各个遗嘱人死亡的时间具体确定。” 另外,在此基础上,还应注意不同类型的共同遗嘱,其生效时间又有不同要求:第一,对于互相指定对方为继承人的共同遗嘱,一方的死亡,使得继承的先后顺序确定了下来,共同遗嘱也就成为简单的个人遗嘱,其生效时间也就没有特殊性可言。比如夫妻双方在遗嘱中共同约定,若一方先死,那么则由生存方继承先死亡方的遗产。此时,一方死亡的则其遗嘱发生效力而生存方的遗嘱内容即失去效力。第二,对于以共同财产指定第三人为继承人或受遗赠人的共同遗嘱,必须在共同遗嘱人均死亡后才能发生效力。一方死亡后,生存方可以自由行使共同财产权,但要受到遗嘱内容的约束,不得进行与遗嘱内容相违背的法律行为,原则上也不得变更、撤销遗嘱。第三,对于相互指定对方为继承人,并共同指定第三人为最终继承人或受遗赠人的共同遗嘱,其生效依然遵循“遗嘱于遗嘱人死亡时生效”,即共同遗嘱人之一死亡,相互继承的内容生效,生存方依该部分遗嘱取得遗产;当最后一个遗嘱人死亡,遗嘱全部生效,第三人依继承或遗赠而取得财产。第三人取得遗产的时间虽然是在所有的遗嘱人死亡后,但是第三人是后死亡者的继承人,其继承的时间仍然是后一个遗嘱人的死亡时间,取得的是后死亡者的遗产。第四,当共同遗嘱为相关联遗嘱时,一方死亡,遗嘱应被认定为生效,生存方原则上不得变更或撤销遗嘱,或者进行与遗嘱内容相抵触的处分行为。
5.共同遗嘱的遗嘱人可以在多种不同的情况下订立遗嘱
遗嘱人可以在他们还没有死亡威胁时就立下遗嘱或有一方在死亡危急时刻时才立下遗嘱,也可以在不同时期立下数份遗嘱,当然,这数份遗嘱并非全部有效。